Long-term intrathecal infusion of low-dose morphine effectively relieves symptoms of severe restless legs syndrome/Willis–Ekbom disease without inducing opioid tolerance

Author:

Janerås Lars12,Breivik Harald13ORCID,Lundeland Bård1ORCID,Ringstad Geir Andre45,Stubhaug Audun13

Affiliation:

1. Department of Pain Management and Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

2. Department of Anaesthesia, Karlstad Central Hospital, Karlstad, Sweden

3. Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

4. Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway

5. Department of Geriatrics and Internal Medicine, Sørlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway

Abstract

Abstract Restless legs syndrome/Willis–Ekbom disease (RLS/WED) causes a strong urge to move legs while resting. Restless legs syndrome/WED is an often-inherited disease occurring in 3% to 10% of adult populations, increasing with age. Severity varies from mild disturbance of sleep to painful restless legs and arms, loss of sleep, fatigue, and risk of suicide. Dopaminergic drugs relieve symptoms, but cause augmentation, ie, initially helpful but later increase the burden of symptoms. Oral gabapentinoids and opioids are often added, but opioid tolerance and adverse effects are common. With the high prevalence and incomplete help from oral drugs, significant unmet needs exist for effective therapy for severe RLS/WED. Ongoing spinal intrathecal infusion of low-dose morphine is effective, but not generally recognized, as only 12 cases have been published since 2002. We report 7 patients suffering from severe RLS/WED, who had no relief from oral dopaminergic, gabapentinoid, or opioid drugs; they all had excellent relief during ongoing spinal intrathecal infusion of morphine at only 1 to 5 μg/h, ongoing for 1 to 21 years without need of higher doses of morphine.. We suggest that morphine may be transported with the cerebrospinal fluid reaching and readjusting malfunctioning dopamine neuronal systems in the brain and spinal cord. The effects last only as long as the infusion continues. A patient with RLS/WED and persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) was relieved of both RLS/WED and PGAD symptoms. These case reports suggest that intrathecal infusion of low-dose morphine is an effective treatment of severe RLS.

Publisher

Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

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