Prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in a middle-aged population with overweight and normal liver enzymes, and diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive proxies

Abstract

The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is increasing at an alarming rate. Elevated liver enzymes are a primary reason to refer patients for further testing. However, liver enzymes within the normal range do not exclude the presence of MASLD. We examined the prevalence of MASLD in a middle-aged population with overweight and normal liver enzymes. In addition, we examined the accuracy of 4 sets of noninvasive proxies for MASLD. We included 1017 participants from the Netherlands epidemiology of obesity cohort study with body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 and liver enzymes (asparate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase) within normal range. The diagnostic accuracy of biomarker scores (fatty liver index, liver fat score [LFS], STEATO-ELSA, and hepatic steatosis index) was determined against elevated hepatic triglyceride content measured by 1proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Participants (mean age 56 years, 49% women), had a median body mass index of 29.6 kg/m2 and a median hepatic triglyceride content of 4.4%. MASLD was present in 42% of participants and was more common in men than women, with respectively 47% and 36% being affected. The LFS showed the highest accuracy with an area under the curve of 0.72. We identified metabolic syndrome as the prime predictor for MASLD with an odds ratio of 2.95 (95% confidence interval 2.20–3.98). The prevalence of MASLD in middle-aged men and women with overweight and liver enzymes within the normal range is over 40%. LFS showed the highest accuracy to detect MASLD, but, overall, biomarker scores performed relatively poor. The presence of metabolic syndrome was the prime predictor of MASLD.