Genetic Variation in the Renin-Angiotensin System and Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy

Abstract

ABSTRACT. The impact of polymorphisms in the genes coding for angiotensinogen (M235T), ACE (ID), and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (A1166→C) on decline in GFR and doubling of s-creatinine or development of ESRD in patients with type 1 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy (DN) was tested. From 1985, all patients (n= 169) who had established diabetic nephropathy and were treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACE-I) were identified consecutively at Steno Diabetes Center. Patients were followed for a median of 6 yr (range, 3 to 15 yr), with nine (range, three to 29) measurements of GFR (51Cr-EDTA). In a Cox proportional hazards model corrected for other risk factors, theDallele (ACE/ID) was associated with time to doubling of s-creatinine/ESRD (rate ratio, 1.81 per allele; 95% confidence interval, 1.09 to 3.03;P= 0.02). A new interaction hypothesis was generated demonstrating that the following variables were associated with accelerated decline in GFR: albuminuria (estimate, 2.12 ml/min per yr per 10-fold increase in albuminuria;P< 0.001), mean BP (estimate, 0.88 ml/min per yr per 10 mmHg;P= 0.02), hemoglobin A1c(estimate, 0.54 min/min per yr per 1%;P= 0.02), and number ofM(M235T)/D(ID)/A(A1166→C) alleles (estimate, 0.45 ml/min per yr per allele;P= 0.049). Number ofM/D/Aalleles also influenced time to doubling of s-creatinine or ESRD. In this study of patients with type 1 diabetes, theDallele of theACE/IDpolymorphism in addition to nongenetic risk factors independently accelerated progression of DN during ACE-I. Interaction between polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin system also influenced the loss of kidney function. This new genetic interaction model needs to be confirmed in future studies. E-mail: pkjacobsen@dadlnet.dk