Investigation of multi-infections and breast disease comorbidities in granulomatous mastitis

Abstract

Introduction: Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is an inflammatory breast disease typically caused by infection, posing diagnostic challenges. It can coexist with other breast disorders or multiple infections, which have been vaguely discussed. This study investigates the incidence of multi-infection and breast disease comorbidities in GM. Method: The study enroled 63 females who had a confirmed diagnosis of GM. Laboratory investigations and bacterial cultures had been conducted for all the cases. The patients had undergone ultrasonography examination utilizing the LOGIQ E9 system. Core needle biopsy had been done to procure tissue samples for histopathological examination. Thorough scrutiny and assessment of patients’ records were performed. The variables encompassed age at presentation, breastfeeding data, parity, smoking status, seasonal affliction, hair-washing agents, exposure to radiation, comorbidities, and clinical, ultrasound and histopathological findings. Results: The patients’ ages ranged from 24 to 50. Breastfeeding history was positive in nearly all cases (97%). The majority of cases exhibited multiparity (81%). In total, 63.5% were passive smokers. Multi-infections were detected in six cases (9.5%). Among them, B. cepacia complex and Toxoplasma gondii were identified in two cases (3.16%). Other multi-infections involved Staphylococcus epidermidis and Toxoplasma gondii, Burkholderia cepacia and S. kloosii and Toxoplasma gondii, Staphylococcus epidermis and Brucella spp., Candida spp. and Brucella spp. Histopathological analysis revealed GM comorbidities with other breast diseases in 35% of the cases. Conclusion: Multi-infections and breast disease comorbidities may further complicate diagnosis and management of GM. The findings of this study may raise additional questions about the nature of the disease or potential complications associated with it.