Severe euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis secondary to sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor: case report and literature review

Abstract

Introduction and importance: Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have been implemented in treating diabetic patients for the past 10 years. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (euDKA) can be a life-threatening complication in diabetic patients. The authors report a severe euDKA with lactic acidosis in a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patient. This report highlights the importance of the early detection and treatment of EuDKA to avoid complications. Case presentation: Forty-four-year-old female with T2DM had multiple visits to the emergency department with recurrent diarrhoea and vomiting. On her third visit, she presented with shortness of breath and tachypnoea, found to have severe metabolic acidosis with euglycemia. She was admitted to ICU with euDKA secondary to SGLT2i and was managed accordingly. Clinical discussion: The association between SGLT2i and euDKA in T2DM is controversial. SGLT2i leads to euDKA by stimulating lipolysis and ketogenesis in the setting of volume depletion, carbohydrate deficiency, and upregulation of counter-regulatory stress hormones. EuDKA can be life-threatening, especially if not diagnosed and managed properly. The treatment protocol is similar to hyperglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis. Our case has been reported in line with the CARE criteria.34 Conclusion: SGLT2i benefits in diabetic patients outweigh the risks. Clinicians are advised to counsel diabetic patients maintained on SGLT2 and educate them regarding holding the medication in the setting of acute illness, volume depletion, decreased oral intake, and surgery. In addition, there should be a high index of suspicion for patients presenting with metabolic acidosis in the background of SGLT2i use to provide early diagnosis and management.