Sedentary behavior and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in United States adults with hypertension

Abstract

Background: Growing evidence has implicated sedentary behavior is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, independent of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Contrary to national physical activity guidelines, reductions in sedentary behavior are not promoted as a lifestyle modification in hypertensive adults. This may be in part because of a paucity of evidence demonstrating that sedentary behavior confers morbidity and mortality risk in hypertensive adults. Purpose: To examine the association between device-measured sedentary behavior and risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality and in hypertensive adults. Methods: Data for this analysis come from the 2003 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally representative survey of US adults. Sedentary behavior and MVPA were assessed with an ActiGraph 7164 accelerometer. Hypertension was classified as blood pressure at least 140/≥90 mmHg or antihypertensive medication use. Results: Median follow-up was 14.5 years. After adjusting for covariates and MVPA, greater time spent in sedentary behavior was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality [quartile 1: REF, quartile 2: hazard ratio = 1.41 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.83–2.38], quartile 3: hazard ratio = 1.25 (95% CI 0.81–1.94), quartile 4: hazard ratio = 2.14 (95% CI 1.41–3.24); P trend <0.001]. Greater sedentary behavior was also associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality [quartile 1: REF: quartile 2: hazard ratio = 1.13 (95% CI 0.83–1.52), quartile 3: hazard ratio = 1.33 (95% CI 1.00–1.78), quartile 4: hazard ratio = 2.06 (95% CI 1.60, 2.64); P trend <0.001]. Conclusion: Greater sedentary behavior is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality among US adults with hypertension. These findings suggest reductions in sedentary behavior should be considered to reduce mortality risk in hypertensive adults.