Defining and predicting textbook outcomes for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: analysis of factors improving achievement of desired postoperative outcomes

Abstract

Background: Definition of textbook outcome (TO), defined as a single indicator combining the most advantageous short-term outcomes, is still lacking for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC). The primary endpoint of the present study is to analyze the rate of achievement of a disease-specific TO for PHC within a high volume tertiary referral centre. Secondary endpoints are to identify predictive factors of TO-achievement and to analyze the impact of achieving TO on long-term results. Methods: Between 2010 and 2022, a total of 237 patients undergoing combined liver and biliary resection for PHC at tertiary referral centre were included. Disease-specific TO were defined as: no 90-day mortality, no postoperative complications, no readmission, no intraoperative transfusions and resection margins. A logistic regression model was developed to identify predictors associated with TO-achievement. Kaplan–Meier curves were designed to determine TO’s impact on survival. Results: TO was achieved in 60 (25.3%) patients. At multivariate logistic regression, preoperative biliary drainage [odds ratio (OR) 2.90 (1.13–3.40), P=0.026], high prognostic nutritional index [OR 7.11 (6.71–9.43), P=0.007[ and minimally invasive approach [OR 3.57 (2.31–3.62), P=0.013] were identified as independent predictors of TO. High ASA score [OR 0.38 (0.17–0.82), P=0.013] decreased the odds of TO. A significant improvement in both overall survival and disease-free survival was associated to TO fulfilment. Conclusion: Since the achievement of TO correlates with better disease-free and overall survival, every effort should be made to ameliorate modifiable aspects prior to surery: management within referral centres with dedicated experience in biliary tract cancer and preoperative optimization protocol may positively contribute to improve postoperative outcomes, increasing the chance to obtain TO. Moreover, the implementation of advanced minimally invasive programs plays as well.