Direct Cardiac Effects of Coronary Site-directed Thiopental and Its Enantiomers

Abstract

Background Previous evidence from laboratory animal studies indicates that R-thiopental has a greater margin of safety than either the more potent S-thiopental or the clinically used rac-thiopental. Although thiopental can cause cardiovascular depression from direct myocardial effects as well as indirect central nervous system and peripheral effects, no studies have yet determined whether its myocardial effects are enantioselective. A lesser direct effect would provide further evidence supporting R-thiopental as a preferred single enantiomer replacement for rac-thiopental. Methods The direct myocardial effects of the thiopental enantiomers were compared to those of rac-thiopental and propofol, using a crossover design with small incremental doses infused over 3 min, on separate days, into the left coronary arteries of conscious sheep. Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic measurements were acquired, and serial blood samples were collected during the studies for drug analyses. Results All three forms of thiopental and propofol produced significant hemodynamic effects consisting of dose-related and rapid-onset decreases in left ventricular dP/dtmax and stroke volume, and increases in left coronary blood flow and heart rate. Cardiac output, mean arterial blood pressure, and central venous pressure remained unaltered. The effects did not differ significantly among rac-thiopental, enantiopure R- or S-thiopental, or propofol. Arterial blood drug concentrations were consistently less than those associated with systemic effects. Conclusions Although previous evidence indicates that R-thiopental could make a suitable single-enantiomer replacement for rac-thiopental, the current study did not find a significant difference in direct cardiac effects among the thiopental enantiomers, racemate, or propofol.