Heparin-Protamine Complexes Cause Pulmonary Hypertension in Goats

Abstract

Background Protamine reversal of heparin-induced anticoagulation causes thromboxane release followed by pulmonary vasoconstriction in sheep and pigs. The aim of this study was to determine whether heparin-protamine (H-P) complexes are causative agents of thromboxane release followed by pulmonary hypertension associated with protamine reversal of heparin. Methods We separated H-P complexes and non-heparin-protamine (non-H-P) complexes from heparinized defibrinated human plasma neutralized with protamine by chromatography and studied the changes in hemodynamics, airway pressure, and thromboxane B2 concentration after injection of H-P complexes or non-H-P complexes into seven goats. In addition, we studied whether these pulmonary responses were blocked in goats pretreated with cyclooxgenase inhibitor (Indomethacin, n = 5) or thromboxane synthetase inhibitor (OKY-046, n = 5). Results A very small dose of H-P complexes increased pulmonary arterial and peak airway pressures and was followed by thromboxane B2 release (from 12 [5.5-23] to 28 [16-44] mmHg, from 9.0 [7.5-15] to 12 [8-19] cmH2O, and from 0.85 [0.34-3.2] to 16.4 [1.4-39.3] ng.ml-1, respectively). On the other hand, animals that received non-H-P complexes showed no significant changes. Indomethacin totally blocked and OKY-046 partially blocked the increases in pulmonary arterial pressure and thromboxane B2 concentration. Conclusions H-P complexes play a major role in pulmonary hypertension after protamine reversal of heparin, and thromboxane A2 is a main mediator of the pulmonary hypertensive response to H-P complexes in goats.