A Re-examination of Tetrodotoxin for Prolonged Duration Local Anesthesia

Abstract

Background Highly potent toxins such as tetrodotoxin that block sodium channels with great specificity have been studied for many years and can provide prolonged blockade when coadministered with vasoconstrictors or conventional local anesthetics. Their utility has been constrained, however, by systemic toxicity. The authors examined the efficacy of tetrodotoxin with and without epinephrine or bupivacaine for producing prolonged-duration sciatic nerve blockade in the rat, and they assessed the degree of concomitant toxicity. Methods Rats received percutaneous sciatic nerve blockade using tetrodotoxin with and without epinephrine or bupivacaine. A subset received subcutaneous injections at the nuchal midline. Nociceptive, proprioceptive, and motor blockade were quantified using contralateral leg responses as controls for systemic effects. Results Tetrodotoxin without epinephrine produced sciatic nerve blockade, but with considerable toxicity at most effective doses. Epinephrine reduced the median effective concentration of tetrodotoxin for nociception from 37.6 to 11.5 microM and prolonged its duration, such that reversible blocks lasting > 13 h were achieved. Epinephrine reduced measures of systemic distribution and increased the median lethal dose of tetrodotoxin from 40 to 53.6 nmole/kg, thus more than quadrupling the therapeutic index. Bupivacaine increased the local anesthetic potency of tetrodotoxin, reduced its systemic toxicity, and, when coinjected subcutaneously, increased the median lethal dose from 43.7 to 47.7 nmole/kg. The addition of epinephrine did not further improve the effectiveness of the bupivacaine-tetrodotoxin combination. Conclusion Combinations of epinephrine or bupivacaine with tetrodotoxin or with other high-potency toxins active on sodium channels should be examined for the potential to provide clinically useful, prolonged nerve blockade.