1. Staff Anesthesiologist, Anesthesia Department, Henri Mondor University Hospital of Créteil; Paris XII Val-de-Marne School of Medicine, Créteil, France.
2. Research Fellow, Institute of Laryngology, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
3. Professor in Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Head of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine Department, Jean Verdier University Hospital, Bondy, France; Paris XII Val-de-Marne University and School of Medicine, Créteil, France.