Radioactive iodine treatment for Graves’ hyperthyroidism: incidence of Graves orbitopathy

Abstract

Purpose There are limited recent data on the effect of radioactive iodine (RAI) for Graves’ disease on Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) development or reactivation. This audit investigates the GO incidence in patients with Graves’ disease after RAI treatment, and explores risk factors present, and steroid prophylaxis use. Methods A retrospective audit of Graves’ disease patients treated with RAI over a 5-year period. Data collected: smoking status, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb) status, GO history, Graves’ disease duration, eye features pre- and post-treatment, prophylactic corticosteroids, RAI dose given, post-RAI thyroid status, duration until hypothyroid. Results One hundred one patients were included, with a median Graves’ disease duration 36 months. 34/101 (33.7%) were active/ex-smokers, 86/101 (85.1%) were TRAb-positive, 11/101 (10.9%) had a GO history; 32 (31.7%) had eye features present. Median RAI dose given was 596MBq. 8/101 (7.9%) patients received prophylactic corticosteroid; 89/101 (88.1%) achieved hypothyroid state in the year after RAI. GO developed in 5/101 (5.0%), of which 4/5 (80%) were de novo in high-risk individuals who did not receive steroids. One was a GO reactivation despite steroids. Two required intravenous steroids with/without orbital radiotherapy, one completed oral steroid taper; the remainder were treated conservatively. Conclusion Our cohort had a lower GO incidence in patients with Graves’ disease receiving RAI, with majority arising de novo. It is essential that all patients are assessed for Graves orbitopathy risk factors and counselled adequately prior to RAI. The decision to initiate steroids should be undertaken in a multi-disciplinary setting involving endocrinologists and ophthalmologists.