Adjacent object distorts the organ-of-interest in filtered back-projection tomographic image reconstruction: ‘ramp filter’ or ‘reconstruction’ artifact revisited

Abstract

Objective To simulate the artifact caused by an adjacent object on organ-of-interest during filtered back-projection (FBP) tomographic reconstruction (the so-called “ramp filter” artifact) and to demonstrate the extent to which an organ-of-interest is influenced by such adjacent hot spot or attenuating object. Methods and Materials Two simulations are conducted with two simplified phantoms: “hot spot” and “cardiac.” First one is used to visualize effect of hot spot on its periphery. Second one is used to evaluate effect of nearby object (liver) on left ventricle (LV) as organ-of-interest. To generate sinograms, forward projection process is done with and without modeling radiation attenuation. FBP using windowed ramp filter is done. All slices are analyzed by plotting intensity profiles. Results In tomographic slices, there is a hypo-intense halo around presumed edge of object when compared to background intensity, more noticeable in phantoms with less blurring. Even with ramp filter applied, no halo is visible in FBP without attenuation for cardiac phantom. In contrast, in slices with considering attenuation, zones with different levels of count suppression on both sides of object are visualized instead. The most prominent one is between liver and LV in simulation with higher-attenuating object and higher activity. Conclusion A single hot spot with sufficient amount of blurring does not distort its surroundings. Hot spots and attenuating objects near organ-of-interest, however, distort myocardial perfusion imaging. Artifactual defects are thus only created when attenuation is modeled during FBP, producing zones of count suppression between organ-of-interest and nearby object or hot spot.