Skin Barrier Function and Its Relationship With IL-17, IL-33, and Filaggrin in Malar Melasma

Abstract

Background:The pathogenesis of melasma remains unclear. Interleukin (IL)-17, a proinflammatory mediator, disturbs barrier function. Filaggrin (FLG) is a protein involved in epidermal barrier homeostasis and may be affected by IL-17 and IL-33.Objective:To evaluate epidermal barrier function in malar melasma and its association with the expression of FLG, IL-17, and IL-33.Methods:Twenty patients with malar melasma were included in this study. Colorimetric and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured in lesional and adjacent unaffected skin at baseline and 30 minutes after barrier disruption using the tape-stripping test. Biopsies from melasma and perilesional skin were performed to evaluate the presence of FLG by immunohistochemistry, and profilaggrin, IL-17, and IL-33 expression were analyzed by reverse transcription–qualitative polymerase chain reaction.Results:After the stripping test, the erythema and TEWL values were higher in the melasma than in the unaffected skin (P= 0.01). Thirty minutes later, TEWL diminished, but it remained higher than in the perilesional skin. Profilaggrin increased as TEWL gradually decreased (R = −0.68,P= 0.04). FLG and IL-17 were higher in the melasma than in the perilesional skin (P= 0.003). IL-17 and profilaggrin expression were positively associated (R = 0.60,P= 0.04). IL-33 expression was higher in the adjacent normal skin than in the melasma (P= 0.01).Conclusion:This study found subclinical inflammation in the skin adjacent to the melasma, dysfunction of the epidermal barrier in lesions associated with chronic inflammation, and an abnormal differentiation process promoting an increase in FLG. These findings highlight the need to preserve the integrity of the facial stratum corneum in these patients.