Flap Survival after Reconstructive Surgery for Pressure Ulcers: A Cohort Study

Abstract

Background: Pressure ulcers are troublesome for patients and require considerable resources to resolve. Previous studies have focused on recurrence, whereas there are few studies on flap survival. The aim was to describe the group and to analyze possible factors for flap survival. Method: A descriptive retrospective analysis of all operations between 2008 and 2020 was carried out. Flap survival at 40 days was assessed. A flap was classified as a failure if a reoperation with removal or replacement was planned before, or in connection with, the first return visit. Variables of patient demographics, details of the pressure ulcers, and surgical treatment and care were analyzed with multivariable logistic regression for their effect on flap survival. Results: A total of 111 flaps were included [78 (70%) with random blood supply and 33 (30%) with axial or perforator-based blood supply]; 54 (49%) of the flaps were fasciocutaneous. Body mass index was 25 (IQR 22–28). Flap survival rate was 90%. Variables associated with flap failure were higher body mass index, congenital spinal cord injury, type of blood supply to the flap, and the use of methylene blue to guide debridement of the wound. Conclusions: The findings show factors that can be modified to improve future results, including a normalized body mass index and use of methylene blue in surgery to outline wound edges and depth, as this has been shown to protect against flap failure. Our data suggest that random flaps, such as V-Y, are preferable to axial flaps in the studied group.