Epigenetic Regulation of Inflammatory Mechanisms and a Psychological Symptom Cluster in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy

Abstract

BackgroundA psychological symptom cluster is the most common cluster identified in oncology patients. Although inflammatory mechanisms are hypothesized to underlie this cluster, epigenetic contributions are unknown.ObjectivesThis study’s purpose was to evaluate associations between the occurrence of a psychological symptom cluster and levels of DNA methylation for inflammatory genes in a heterogeneous sample of patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy.MethodsPrior to their second or third cycle of chemotherapy, 1,071 patients reported the occurrence of 38 symptoms using the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale. A psychological cluster was identified using exploratory factor analysis. Differential methylation analyses were performed in two independent samples using Illumina Infinium 450K and EPIC microarrays. Expression-associated CpG (eCpG) loci in the promoter region of 114 inflammatory genes on the 450K and 112 genes on the EPIC microarray were evaluated for associations with the psychological cluster. Robust rank aggregation was used to identify differentially methylated genes across both samples. Significance was assessed using a false discovery rate of 0.05 under the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure.ResultsCluster of differentiation 40 (CD40) was differentially methylated across both samples. All six promoter eCpGs forCD40that were identified across both samples were hypomethylated in the psychological cluster group.ConclusionsThis study is the first to suggest associations between a psychological symptom cluster and differential DNA methylation of a gene involved in tissue inflammation and cell-mediated immunity. Our findings suggest that increasedCD40expression through hypomethylation of promoter eCpG loci is involved in the occurrence of a psychological symptom cluster in patients receiving chemotherapy. These findings suggest a direction for mechanistic studies.