Serum homocysteine, folate and risk of stroke: Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study

Abstract

Background Homocysteine and folate have been suggested to have opposite effects on the risk of stroke, although the results are controversial. Design and methods The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of serum total homocysteine (tHcy) and serum folate levels on the risk of stroke in a prospective cohort study. The subjects were 1015 men aged 46–64 years and free of prior stroke, examined in 1991–1993 in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study. Results At baseline the mean serum tHcy concentration was 10.9 μmol/l (SD 3.4). During an average follow-up time of 9.6 years, 49 men experienced a stroke, of which 34 were ischaemic. In Cox proportional hazards models, men in the highest tHcy third had a risk factor-adjusted hazard rate ratio (RR) of 2.77 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23–6.24] for any stroke and 2.61 (95% CI: 1.02–6.71) for ischaemic stroke, compared with men in the lowest third. The mean baseline serum folate concentration was 10.4 nmol/l (SD 4.1). Men in the highest third of serum folate (> 11.2 nmol/l) had an adjusted RR for any stroke of 0.35 (95% CI: 0.14–0.87) and for ischaemic stroke of 0.40 (95% CI: 0.15–1.09), compared with men in the lowest third. Conclusion Elevated serum tHcy is associated with increased risk of all strokes and ischaemic strokes in middle-aged eastern Finnish men free of prior stroke. On the other hand, high serum folate concentration may protect against stroke.