Active and Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cervical Cancer: Analysis of the NHANES 2007–2016

Abstract

Background: Cervical cancer is the third most prevalent cancer among women worldwide. Despite efforts to reduce cervical cancer through human papillomavirus vaccination, a significant problem remains. Active smoking is a cofactor for cervical cancer, but the data are mixed regarding the role of secondhand smoke exposure (SHSE) in cervical cancer pathogenesis. Objective: To examine the relationship between cervical cancer and smoke exposure (active and SHSE). Methods: A retrospective analysis was employed on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2016. This nationally representative dataset yielded a total sample of 13 396 women ≥20 years old. Cervical cancer history and smoke exposure (self-reported and biochemically measured) were used in a logistic regression model. Results: Women who lived with more household smokers and those who were active smokers had significantly higher odds of cervical cancer, controlling for covariates. Conclusion: In addition to active smoking status, assessment of smokers in the household may be a clinically important assessment tool in women at risk for cervical cancer. Further analysis is needed to clarify the role of SHSE in cervical cancer pathogenesis. Implications for Practice: Health care providers must assess an individual’s smoking status and provide smoking cessation education about the risk of cervical cancer from smoking, especially to household smokers and women exposed to secondhand smoke. Foundational: This study provides an understanding imperative to the health and wellness of patients. Smoke exposure remains pervasive worldwide and understanding the relationship between smoke exposure and cervical cancer is important.