An Interdisciplinary, Comprehensive Recovery Pathway Improves Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction Delivery

Abstract

Introduction Free-flap (autologous) breast reconstruction demonstrates superiority over alloplastic approaches but is offered infrequently. Enhanced recovery protocols can address postoperative challenges, but most literature is limited to inpatient interventions and outcomes. This study describes an adoptable, longitudinally comprehensive and multidisciplinary recovery pathway for autologous reconstruction which adds to the current guidelines. The authors aimed to allow perioperative outcomes comparable to alloplastic reconstructions. Methods All autologous Comprehensive Recovery Pathway (CRP) subjects from a single surgeon were retrospectively included. A comparator group of equal size was randomly selected from institutional subpectoral and dual-plane tissue expander patients having Enhanced Recovery After Surgery guideline–directed care. All subjects in both cohorts received preoperative paravertebral regional blocks. Operative detail, inpatient recovery, longitudinal morphine equivalents (MEs) required, and complications were compared. Results Each cohort included 71 cases (99 breasts). Despite longer operations, intraoperative MEs were fewer in autologous cases (P = 0.02). Morphine equivalents during inpatient stay were similar between cohorts, with both being discharged on median day 2. Multivariate regression demonstrated a 0.8-day increased stay for autologous subjects with additional contribution from bilateral cases, body mass index, and age (P < 0.05). Autologous subjects were regularly discharged postoperative day 1 (17%) and postoperative day 2 (39%), with trend toward earlier discharge (P < 0.01). Outpatient MEs were significantly fewer in autologous subjects, corresponding to a 30- to 150-mg oxycodone difference (P < 0.01). Major complication occurred in 12.7% of autologous and 22.5% of alloplastic subjects (P = 0.11). Flap loss occurred in 1 autologous subject versus 11 alloplastic failures (P < 0.01). Conclusions This study details partnership between the plastic surgery service, regional and acute pain anesthesia services, and dedicated nursing with longitudinal optimizations allowing perioperative outcomes improved over current literature. Patients in the CRP used fewer opioids from operation through follow-up with comparable length of stay and significantly fewer reconstructive failures than alloplastic subjects. The pathway may be quickly adopted into academic practice patterns and mitigates traditional barriers, allowing extension of autologous reconstruction offerings.