The role of substance use in structural heart disease among women living with HIV

Abstract

BACKGROUND: People living with HIV have increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but few studies focus on women with HIV (WWH) and few account for the use of multiple substances SETTING: We recruited WWH from San Francisco shelters, free meal programs, street encampments and a safety net HIV clinic. METHODS: Between 2016 and 2019, participants completed six monthly interviews, specimen collection, and a transthoracic echocardiogram. We assessed associations between three echocardiographic indices of cardiac hypertrophy (concentric hypertrophy, concentric remodeling, and eccentric hypertrophy) and study factors, including cardiovascular risk factors, substance use, and HIV-specific factors (CD4+ count, viral load, HIV medication). RESULTS: Among 62 participants, the average age was 53 years and 70% were ethnic minority women. Just over 70% had elevated blood pressure (BP). Toxicology-confirmed substance use included tobacco (63%), cannabis (52%), cocaine (51%), methamphetamine (29%), and alcohol (26%). Concentric hypertrophy was detected in 26% of participants. It was positively associated with cocaine use (adjusted Relative Risk [aRR]= 32.5, p<0.01) and negatively associated with cannabis use (aRR=0.07, p<0.01). Concentric remodeling was detected in 40% of participants. It was positively associated with cocaine use (aRR=11.2, p<0.01) and negatively associated with cannabis use (aRR=0.17, p=0.02). Eccentric hypertrophy was not significantly associated with factors studied here. CONCLUSIONS: Routine evaluation of stimulant use as a contributing factor to cardiovascular risk may improve risk assessment in WWH. Whether cannabis use mitigates the impact of cocaine use on structural heart disease among WWH merits further investigation.