Understanding Disparities in Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence and Sustained Viral Suppression Among Black, Hispanic/Latina, and White Women in the United States – Medical Monitoring Project, United States, 2015–2019

Abstract

Background: Racial and ethnic disparities in antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and sustained viral suppression (SVS) have been documented among women with HIV. We examined factors that may account for these racial/ethnic differences among women to inform interventions that increase health equity. Methods: We used data from the 2015–2019 cycles of the Medical Monitoring Project, a probability sample of U.S. adults with diagnosed HIV. Using logistic regression with predicted marginal means, we calculated weighted prevalence differences (PDs) of ART adherence and SVS among Black, Hispanic/Latina, and White women taking ART. Using modeling with forward stepwise selection, we adjusted PDs for selected variables, including social and structural determinants of health (SDOH) factors, to examine whether magnitude of PDs was attenuated by their inclusion. We assessed relative changes between unadjusted and adjusted PDs. Results: After adjusting for poverty, transportation needs, health literacy, and gap in health insurance/coverage, the Black–White PD in adherence decreased by 11% (−16.0% to −14.2%). After adjusting for adherence, poverty, type of health insurance, and gap in health insurance/coverage, the Black–White PD in SVS reduced 37% (−7.9% to −5.0%) and was no longer statistically different. The Hispanic/Latina–White PD in adherence reduced 24% (−12.7% to −9.6%) after adjusting for poverty, health literacy, and transportation needs. The unadjusted Hispanic/Latina–White PD in SVS was not significantly different. Conclusion: Racial/ethnic disparities in HIV outcomes among women taking ART were substantially reduced after accounting for SDOH and other factors although differences remained. Structural interventions to improve SDOH are needed to improve health equity for women with HIV.