Fetal, neonatal, and infant death among offspring of pregnant women living with HIV in Tanzania

Abstract

Objective: Assess the risk of death for offspring of pregnant women living with HIV (PWLHIV) and the association with sociodemographic, pregnancy, HIV-related, and birth factors. Design: We conducted a prospective cohort study of PWLHIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and their offspring in urban Tanzania who were enrolled in a vitamin D trial conducted from June 2015 to October 2019. Methods: We described rates of fetal, neonatal, and infant death and assessed risk factors for these outcomes with generalized estimating equations. We also estimated population-attributable risk percentages for the contribution of prematurity and small-for-gestational age (SGA) to neonatal and infant mortality. Results: Among 2,299 PWLHIV, there were a total of 136 fetal deaths (5.6%) and the stillbirth rate was 42.0 per 1,000 total births. Among 2,167 livebirths, there were 57 neonatal deaths (26.3 per 1,000 livebirths) and 114 infant deaths (52.6 per 1,000 livebirths). Twin birth was associated with neonatal death, while maternal CD4 T-cell count <350 cells/μL in pregnancy was associated with infant death (p-values < 0.05). As compared to term-appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) births, the relative risks for neonatal mortality for term-SGA, preterm-AGA, and preterm-SGA infants were 2.07 (95% CI: 1.00–4.28), 2.87 (95% CI 1.54–5.35) and 7.15 (95% CI: 2.11–24.30), respectively. We estimated that 42.7% of neonatal and 29.4% of infant deaths were attributable to prematurity and SGA in the cohort. Conclusions: The risk of death is high for offspring of PWLHIV in Tanzania and the combination of prematurity and fetal growth restriction may account for nearly half of neonatal deaths.