Long-term outcomes after tuberculosis for people with HIV in eastern Europe

Abstract

Background: Eastern Europe has a high burden of tuberculosis (TB)/HIV coinfection with high mortality shortly after TB diagnosis. This study assesses TB recurrence, mortality rates and causes of death among TB/HIV patients from Eastern Europe up to 11 years after TB diagnosis. Methods: A longitudinal cohort study of TB/HIV patients enrolled between 2011 and 2013 (at TB diagnosis) and followed-up until end of 2021. A competing risk regression was employed to assess rates of TB recurrence, with death as competing event. Kaplan–Meier estimates and a multivariable Cox-regression were used to assess long-term mortality and corresponding risk factors. The Coding Causes of Death in HIV (CoDe) methodology was used for adjudication of causes of death. Results: Three hundred and seventy-five TB/HIV patients were included. Fifty-three (14.1%) were later diagnosed with recurrent TB [incidence rate 3.1/100 person-years of follow-up (PYFU), 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.4–4.0] during a total follow-up time of 1713 PYFU. Twenty-three of 33 patients with data on drug-resistance (69.7%) had multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB. More than half with recurrent TB (n = 30/53, 56.6%) died. Overall, 215 (57.3%) died during the follow-up period, corresponding to a mortality rate of 11.4/100 PYFU (95% CI 10.0–13.1). Almost half of those (48.8%) died of TB. The proportion of all TB-related deaths was highest in the first 6 (n = 49/71; 69%; P < 0.0001) and 6–24 (n = 33/58; 56.9%; P < 0.0001) months of follow-up, compared deaths beyond 24 months (n = 23/85; 26.7%). Conclusion: TB recurrence and TB-related mortality rates in PWH in Eastern Europe are still concerningly high and continue to be a clinical and public health challenge.