Pharmacokinetics of Ketamine Transfer Into Human Milk

Abstract

Abstract Purpose/Background Ketamine is an N-methyl-d-aspartate–antagonistic dissociative anesthetic infused intermittently for off-label management of treatment-resistant depression, acute suicidality, and postpartum depression. Despite the prevalence of postpartum depression nearing upward of 15% of deliveries, almost no research has been done to evaluate its safety during lactation. Methods In this study, human milk samples were released from the InfantRisk Center's Human Milk Biorepository of 4 participants treated with intermittent ketamine infusions (49–378 mg) to determine the levels of the drug and its active norketamine metabolite using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results The absolute infant dose of ketamine from human milk was 0.003 to 0.017 mg/kg per day, and norketamine was 0.005 to 0.018 mg/kg per day. The relative infant dose (RID) for ketamine ranged from 0.34% to 0.57%. The RID for norketamine ranged from 0.29% to 0.95%. There were no reported infant adverse effects. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that the transfer of ketamine, as well as its active metabolite, norketamine, into human milk is minimal, as estimated by RIDs less than 1% in all participants. These relative doses are well below standardly accepted safety thresholds.