Abstract
Although pain is most effectively treated through a multimodal approach, opioids remain a mainstay of treatment for chronic pain despite their considerable adverse effect profile and associated risks. Through modulation of the μ-opioid receptors, opioids can cause respiratory depression, which may result in death if not treated. When used in conjunction with other sedative substances, the risk of respiratory depression is potentiated. If an opioid emergency is suspected, responders should activate the emergency response system as outlined by the American Heart Association. Prompt and appropriate naloxone administration is vital to appropriate emergency care. As a preventative measure, naloxone should be recommended to individuals who are at higher risk of an opioid overdose. Naloxone is available at most pharmacies, can be billed through an individual's insurance, and is now available over the counter without a prescription.
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Subject
Advanced and Specialized Nursing,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Reference11 articles.
1. 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care;Circulation,2020
2. Barriers to naloxone use and acceptance among opioid users, first responders, and emergency department providers in New Hampshire, USA;Bessen;The International Journal on Drug Policy,2019
3. Opioid-associated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Distinctive clinical features and implications for health care and public responses: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association;Dezfulian;Circulation,2021
4. CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain—United States, 2022. MMWR. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report;Dowell;Recommendations and Reports,2022
5. Pharmacists' role in opioid overdose: Kentucky pharmacists' willingness to participate in naloxone dispensing;Freeman;Journal of the American Pharmacists Association,2017