Stress hyperglycaemia following trauma – a survival benefit or an outcome detriment?

Abstract

Purpose of review Stress hyperglycaemia occur often in critically injured patients. To gain new consideration about it, this review compile current as well as known immunological and biochemical findings about causes and emergence. Recent findings Glucose is the preferred energy substrate for fending immune cells, reparative tissue and the cardiovascular system following trauma. To fulfil these energy needs, the liver is metabolically reprogrammed to rebuild glucose from lactate and glucogenic amino acids (hepatic insulin resistance) at the expenses of muscles mass and – to a less extent – fat tissue (proteolysis, lipolysis, peripheral insulin resistance). This inevitably leads to stress hyperglycaemia, which is evolutionary preserved and seems to be an essential and beneficial survival response. It is initiated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), intensified by immune cells itself and mainly ruled by tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α and catecholamines with lactate and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α as intracellular signals and lactate as an energy shuttle. Important biochemical mechanisms involved in this response are the Warburg effect as an efficient metabolic shortcut and the extended Cori cycle. Summary Stress hyperglycaemia is beneficial in an acute life-threatening situation, but further research is necessary, to prevent trauma patients from the detrimental effects of persisting hyperglycaemia.