Racial and ethnic differences and the role of unfavorable social determinants of health across steatotic liver disease subtypes in the United States

Abstract

Background: The global liver community established a more precise criteria to characterize steatotic liver disease (SLD), specifically metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction–associated and alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD). We aimed to estimate the burden of SLD subtypes and unfavorable social determinants of health (SDOH) in US adults and whether clinical and social factors drive disparities across racial/ethnic subgroups. Methods: We evaluated 4263 persons aged 20 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017–2018. We estimated the weighted age-adjusted prevalence and severity of SLD, examined the prevalence of SDOH across SLD subtypes, and performed stepwise regression analysis to evaluate associations between race/ethnicity and SLD, accounting for metabolic risks, alcohol use, and SDOH. Results: Hispanic adults had the highest prevalence of MASLD (22.3%), MASLD-predominant MetALD (10.3%), alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD)-predominant MetALD (5.6%), and ALD (5.4%). Hispanic adults with MASLD had the highest prevalence of high-risk metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (18.0%) and advanced fibrosis (21.1%), whereas non-Hispanic (NH) White adults with MetALD had the highest prevalence of high-risk metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (19.3%), advanced fibrosis (19.5%), and cirrhosis (8.1%). Adults with ALD-predominant MetALD and ALD had an increased burden of unfavorable SDOH than those with MASLD, particularly food insecurity, limited health care access, and single living. In stepwise regression, the odds of SLD in Hispanic adults decreased after adjusting for metabolic risks (OR 1.40, 95% CI, 1.06–1.84) and alcohol use (OR 1.36, 95% CI, 1.01–1.82). Differences did not persist after adjusting for cumulative SDOH and nativity status (OR 1.22, 95% CI, 0.89–1.68). Conclusions: We found substantial disparities in the burden of unfavorable SDOH across SLD subtypes, particularly among those with ALD-predominant MetALD and ALD. Population-based approaches targeting SDOH may mitigate racial/ethnic differences among US adults with SLD.