Human Rhinovirus as a Cause of Fever in Neonates and Young Infants During the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020–2022

Abstract

Background: Human rhinovirus (HRV) was predominant and persistent during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic despite nonpharmaceutical interventions. The data whether HRV persistence also occurred in neonates and young infants were very limited. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in Niigata, Japan, between January 2020 and September 2022. The participants were hospitalized neonates and infants aged less than 4 months with fever. We excluded patients with evidence of bacterial infection or obvious sick contact with influenza or respiratory syncytial virus infection, as confirmed by rapid antigen detection tests. COVID-19 diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or rapid antigen detection tests were also excluded. Parechovirus and enterovirus were examined by PCR using serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid. FilmArray Respiratory Panel v1.7 was conducted on nasopharyngeal swabs. If HRV was positive, the genotype was identified. Results: We included 72 patients (median age, 54 days; interquartile range, 28.5–79 days), and sepsis was diagnosed in 31 (43.1%) patients. In total, 27 (37.5%) patients had had positive multiplex PCR tests. These patients were more likely to have rhinorrhea (P = 0.004), cough (P = 0.01), and sick contact (P < 0.001) than those who with negative multiplex PCR. HRV was the most frequently detected virus (n = 23, 85.2%), and species A (n = 15, 71.4%) and C (n = 6, 28.6%) were genotyped. No seasonality or monthly predominance of the specific HRV types was observed. Conclusions: HRV was an important cause of fever in neonates and young infants during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 to 2022.