The Increase in Household Transmission of Pertussis Associated With Diagnostic Delays

Abstract

Background: Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory illness that can be especially dangerous to young children. Transmission of pertussis often occurs in household settings and is impacted by the timing of treatment and postexposure chemoprophylaxis. This study analyzes the risk for secondary household transmission and if delays in diagnosing pertussis increased the risk for household transmission. Methods: We conducted 2 population-based studies using a large nationally representative administrative claims database. The first study utilized a stratified monthly incidence model to compare the incidence of pertussis among enrollees exposed to a family member with pertussis versus those not exposed. The second study was conducted at a household level following the index case of pertussis in each household. We identified diagnostic delays in the initial household case and used a logistic regression model to evaluate if such delays were associated with a greater risk for transmission. Results: The incidence rate ratio of pertussis was 938.99 [95% confidence interval (CI): 880.19–1001.73] among enrollees exposed to a family member with pertussis relative to those not exposed. The odds of secondary household transmission in households where the index case experienced a diagnostic delay was 5.10 (CI: 4.44–5.85) times the odds of transmission when the index case was not delayed. We found that longer delays were associated with a greater risk for secondary household transmission (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: There is a high rate of secondary transmission of pertussis in household settings. Diagnostic delays increase the likelihood that pertussis will transmit in the household.