An Alternative to Cytology in Triaging Cisgender Men and Transgender Women With HIV for High-Resolution Anoscopy

Abstract

Objectives To evaluate high-risk human papillomavirus testing (hrHPV) as an alternative for anal cytology in screening for high-grade anal neoplasia (AIN2–3) among males with HIV. To identify predictive risk factors for AIN2–3 and develop a clinical tool to triage males with HIV for high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) without cytology. Design Retrospective cohort study of 199 adult cisgender men and transgender women with HIV referred to an anal neoplasia clinic in the Southeastern United States between January 2018 and March 2021. Methods Each subject underwent cytology, hrHPV, and HRA. Clinical and sociodemographic risk factors were collected for each subject. Significant risk factors for AIN2–3 were identified using logistic regression, and a triage tool incorporating these factors was developed. Screening test characteristics were calculated for cytology with and without adjunct hrHPV, hrHPV alone, and the triage tool. Results In multivariate analysis, significant predictors of AIN2–3 were hrHPV positivity (odds ratio [OR] = 11.98, CI = 5.58–25.69) and low CD4 count (OR = 2.70, CI = 1.20–6.11). There was no significant difference in positive or negative predictive values among the tool, stand-alone hrHPV, and anal cytology with adjunct hrHPV. Sensitivity and specificity were not significantly different for stand-alone or adjunctive hrHPV testing. Compared with cytology, stand-alone hrHPV and the novel triage tool reduced unnecessary HRA referrals by 65% and 30%, respectively. Conclusions Stand-alone hrHPV would have missed 11 of 74 AIN2–3 and generated 74 fewer unnecessary HRAs than current cytology-based screening patterns, which led to 115 unnecessary HRAs in our cohort. We propose triaging those with low CD4 count, hrHPV positivity, and/or smoking history for HRA.