1. is director of learning system outcomes, Office of Undergraduate Medical Education, and assistant professor of medical education and administration, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville Tennessee; ORCID:.
2. is director, Center of Excellence in Applied Artificial Intelligence, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and associate professor of biomedical informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; ORCID:.
3. is associate chief health officer and chief medical officer of provider analytics, IBM Watson Health, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and clinical professor, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio.
4. is research instructor in anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and director of operations, Center for Advanced Mobile Healthcare Learning, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; ORCID:.
5. is lead director, Clinical Evidence Development, Aetna Medical Affairs, CVS Health. At the time this work was completed, the author was deputy chief science officer of evidence-based practice, Center for AI, Research, and Evaluation, IBM Watson Health, Cambridge, Massachusetts; ORCID:.
6. is vice president and scientific medical officer, Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, California, and associate professor of surgery, pediatrics, and biomedical informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. At the beginning of this work, the author was vice president and chief science officer, IBM Watson Health, Cambridge, Massachusetts; ORCID:.
7. is emeritus professor of medical education and administration, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
8. is professor of medical education and administration, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and director, Center for Advanced Mobile Healthcare Learning, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; ORCID:.