Effects of Intraoperative Local Pain Cocktail Injections on Early Function and Patient-Reported Outcomes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Objective: To determine whether a perioperative pain cocktail injection improves postoperative pain, ambulation distance, and long-term outcomes in patients with hip fracture. Design: Prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Setting: Academic Medical Center. Patients/Participants: Patients with OTA/AO 31A1-3 and 31B1-3 fractures undergoing operative fixation, excluding arthroplasty. Intervention: Multimodal local injection of bupivacaine (Marcaine), morphine sulfate (Duramorph), ketorolac (Toradol) given at the fracture site at the time of hip fracture surgery (Hip Fracture Injection, HiFI). Main Outcome Measurements: Patient-reported pain, American Pain Society Patient Outcome Questionnaire (APS-POQ), narcotic usage, length of stay, postoperative ambulation, Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment. Results: Seventy-five patients were in the treatment group and 109 in the control group. Patients in the HiFI group had a significant reduction in pain and narcotic usage compared with the control group on postoperative day (POD) 0 (P < 0.01). Based on the APS-POQ, patients in the control group had a significantly harder time falling asleep, staying asleep, and experienced increased drowsiness on POD 1 (P < 0.01). Patient ambulation distance was greater on POD 2 (P < 0.01) and POD 3 (P < 0.05) in the HiFI group. The control group experienced more major complications (P < 0.05). At 6-week postop, patients in the treatment group reported significantly less pain, better ambulatory function, less insomnia, less depression, and better satisfaction than the control group as measured by the APS-POQ. The Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment bothersome index was also significantly lower for patients in the HiFI group, P < 0.05. Conclusions: Intraoperative HiFI not only improved early pain management and increased ambulation in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery while in the hospital, it was also associated with early improved health-related quality of life after discharge. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.