Reperfusion after Thrombolytic Therapy of Embolic Stroke in the Rat: Magnetic Resonance and Biochemical Imaging

Abstract

The effect of thrombolytic therapy was studied in rats submitted to thromboembolic stroke by intracarotid injection of autologous blood clots. Thrombolysis was initiated after 15 minutes with an intracarotid infusion of recombinant tissue-type activator (10 mg/kg body weight). Reperfusion was monitored for 3 hours using serial perfusion- and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging, and the outcome of treatment was quantified by pictorial measurements of ATP, tissue pH, and blood flow. In untreated animals, clot embolism resulted in an immediate decrease in blood flow and a sharp decrease in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) that persisted throughout the observation period. Thrombolysis successfully recanalized the embolized middle cerebral artery origin and led to gradual improvement of blood flow and a slowly progressing reversal of ADC changes in the periphery of the ischemic territory, but only to transient and partial improvement in the center. Three hours after initiation of thrombolysis, the tissue volume with ADC values less than 80% of control was 39 ± 22% as compared to 61 ± 20% of ipsilateral hemisphere in untreated animals (means ± SD, P = .03) and the volume of ATP-depleted brain tissue was 25 ± 31% as compared to 46 ± 29% in untreated animals. Recovery of ischemic brain injury after thromboembolism is incomplete even when therapy is started as early as 15 minutes after clot embolism. Possible explanations for our findings include downstream displacement of clot material, microembolism of the vascular periphery, and events associated with reperfusion injury.