Dynamic Cerebral Microcirculatory Changes in Transient Forebrain Ischemia in Rats: Involvement of Type I Nitric Oxide Synthase

Abstract

The diameter of surface microvessels and the erythrocyte velocity and flux through intraparenchymal capillaries in the parietal cortex were measured during transient global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion using laser-scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy in anesthetized rats. The role of nitric oxide (NO) from neurons in the microcirculatory changes was also investigated using 7-nitro-indazole (7-NI, 25 mg/kg, IP). Wistar rats (4 per group) equipped with a closed cranial window were given fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-Dextran and FITC-labeled erythrocytes intravenously to respectively visualize the microvessels and the erythrocytes in the capillaries. Experiments were videorecorded on-line. Forebrains were made ischemic for 15 minutes and then reperfused for 120 minutes under the microscope. Ischemia was associated with a flattened EEG, a low persistent blood flow, and a transient leakage of fluorescein across the arteriole wall. Unclamping the carotid arteries led to immediate high blood flow in the arterioles, but it was not until 5 minutes later that the arterioles dilated significantly (181% ± 27%) and erythrocyte velocity in the capillaries increased significantly (460% ± 263%). Neither nonperfused capillaries nor erythrocyte capillary recruitment occurred. 7-Nitro-indazole significantly reduced the arteriole dilatation and prevented the increase in erythrocyte velocity and flux through capillaries in early reperfusion. 7-Nitro-indazole had no influence on the fluorescein leakage. The current study suggests a partial role for NO released from neurons in the postischemic microcirculatory changes and provides new findings on the timing of arteriole dilatation and blood—brain barrier opening, and on erythrocyte capillary circulation in global ischemia.