Risk and incidence of breast cancer in transgender individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author:

Corso Giovanni123,Gandini Sara4,D’Ecclesiis Oriana4,Mazza Manuelita5,Magnoni Francesca1,Veronesi Paolo12,Galimberti Viviana1,La Vecchia Carlo6

Affiliation:

1. Division of Breast Surgery, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS

2. Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan

3. European Cancer Prevention Organization (ECP)

4. Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS

5. Division of Medical Senology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS

6. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Abstract

Background and aims The risk of developing breast cancer in transgender individuals [male-to-female (MtF) or female-to-male (FtM)] is still inadequately quantified. We aimed to evaluate the impact of breast cancer in this population. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search and review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines through the PUBMED and SCOPUS databases. We identified six cohort studies (for both populations) plus 35 case reports. Incidence and breast cancer risk quantification were the main outcomes considered. Results FtM individuals had a higher risk of developing breast cancer in comparison to cisgender men [standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 63.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 32.2–124.9] but a lower risk than cisgender women (SIR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.07–2.41). Similarly, MtF individuals were at higher risk of developing breast cancer in comparison to cisgender men (SIR = 22.5; 95% CI, 5.54–91.8) and at lower risk than cisgender women (SIR = 0.30; 95% CI, 0.22–0.42). Conclusion In this systematic study and meta-analysis, we identified that FtM and MtF individuals are at substantially higher risk of developing breast cancer in comparison to cisgender men, though at lower risk than cisgender women. These individuals, in the absence of defined guidelines for breast cancer prevention, should periodically undergo breast or chest examinations.

Publisher

Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Subject

Cancer Research,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health,Oncology,Epidemiology

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