Trends of diabetes in Beijing, China

Abstract

Abstract Background: The global rise in diabetes prevalence is a pressing concern. Despite initiatives like “The Healthy Beijing Action 2020–2030” advocating for increased awareness, treatment, and control, the specific situation in Beijing remains unexplored. This study aimed to analyze the trends in diabetes prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control among Beijing adults. Methods: Through a stratified multistage probability cluster sampling method, a series of representative cross-sectional surveys were conducted in Beijing from 2005 to 2022, targeting adults aged 18–79 years. A face-to-face questionnaire, along with body measurements and laboratory tests, were administered to 111,943 participants. Data from all survey were age- and/or gender-standardized based on the 2020 Beijing census population. Annual percentage rate change (APC) or average annual percentage rate change (AAPC) was calculated to determine prevalence trends over time. Complex sampling logistic regression models were employed to explore the relationship between various characteristics and diabetes. Results: From 2005 to 2022, the total prevalence of diabetes among Beijing adults aged 18–79 years increased from 9.6% (95% CI: 8.8–10.4%) to 13.9% (95% CI: 13.1–14.7%), with an APC/AAPC of 2.1% (95% CI: 1.1–3.2%, P <0.05). Significant increases were observed among adults aged 18–39 years and rural residents. Undiagnosed diabetes rose from 3.5% (95% CI: 3.2–4.0%) to 7.2% (95% CI: 6.6–7.9%) with an APC/AAPC of 4.1% (95% CI: 0.5–7.3%, P <0.05). However, diabetes awareness and treatment rates showed annual declines of 1.4% (95% CI: −3.0% to −0.2%, P <0.05) and 1.3% (95% CI: −2.6% to −0.2%, P <0.05), respectively. The diabetes control rate decreased from 21.5% to 19.1%, although not statistically significant (APC/AAPC = −1.5%, 95% CI: −5.6% to 1.9%). Overweight and obesity were identified as risk factors for diabetes, with ORs of 1.65 (95% CI: 1.38–1.98) and 2.48 (95% CI: 2.07–2.99), respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of diabetes in Beijing has significantly increased between 2005 and 2022, particularly among young adults and rural residents. Meanwhile, there has been a concerning decrease in diabetes awareness and treatment rates, while control rates have remained stagnant. Regular blood glucose testing, especially among adults aged 18–59 years, should be warranted. Furthermore, being male, elderly, overweight, or obese was associated with higher diabetes risk, suggesting the needs for targeted management strategies.