Differences in Health Care Utilization of High-Need and High-Cost Patients of Federally Funded Health Centers Versus Other Primary Care Providers

Abstract

Background: Primary care providers (PCP) differ in their ability to address the needs and reduce use of costly services among complex Medicaid beneficiaries. Among PCPs, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)-funded health centers (HCs) are shown to provide high-value care. Objective: We compared health care utilization of complex Medicaid managed care beneficiaries whose PCPs were HCs versus 3 other groups. Research Design: Cross-sectional study using propensity score matching comparing health care use by provider type, controlling for demographics, health status, and other covariates. Subjects: California Medicaid administrative data for complex adult managed care beneficiaries with at least 1 primary care visit in 2018. Measures: Primary and specialty care evaluation & management visits and services; emergency department (ED) visits; and hospitalizations. PCPs included HCs, clinics not funded by HRSA, solo, and group practice providers. Results: HRSA-funded HCs had lower predicted rates of specialty evaluation & management and other services than all others; lower predicted probability of any ED visits than clinics not funded by HRSA [54% (95% CI: 53%–55%) vs. 56% (95% CI: 55%–57%)] and group practice providers [51% (95% CI: 51%–52%) vs. 52% (95% CI: 52%–53%)]; and lower PP of any hospitalizations than solo [20% (95% CI: 19%–20%) vs. 23% (95% CI: 22%–24%)] and group practice providers [21% (95% CI: 20%–21%) vs. 24% (95% CI: 23%–24%)]. Conclusions: Differences in HC care delivery and practices were associated with lower use of specialty, ED, and hospitalization visits compared with other PCPs for complex Medicaid managed care beneficiaries. Understanding the underlying reasons for these utilization differences may promote better outcomes among these patients.