Associations of Methadone and BUP/NX Dose Titration Patterns With Retention in Treatment and Opioid Use in Individuals With Prescription-Type Opioid Use Disorder: Secondary Analysis of the OPTIMA Study

Abstract

Introduction Methadone and buprenorphine/naloxone (BUP/NX) titration parameters (eg, range, duration, and rate) can vary during opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment. We describe methadone and BUP/NX titration patterns and their associations with treatment outcomes among individuals with a prescription-type OUD. Methods We used data from a 24-week open-label, multicenter randomized controlled trial, including N = 167 participants aged 18–64 years old with prescription-type OUD who received at least a first dose of treatment. Descriptive analyses of methadone and BUP/NX titration patterns were conducted, that is, range and duration from first to maximum dose, and rate (range/duration ratio). Outcomes included percentage of opioid-positive urine drug screens (UDS) and treatment retention. Adjusted linear and logistic regressions were used to study associations between titration patterns and percentage of opioid-positive UDS and treatment retention. Results Methadone doses were increased by a mean dose range of 42.4 mg over a mean duration of 42.2 days. BUP/NX doses were increased by a mean dose range of 8.4 mg over a mean duration of 28.7 days. Only methadone dose titration range (odds ratio: 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.05) and duration (odds ratio: 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.05) were associated with higher retention. Only methadone dose titration rate was associated with lower percentage of opioid-positive UDS at weeks 12–24 (B: −2.77; 95% CI, −4.72 to −0.81). Conclusions Specific parameters of methadone titration were associated with treatment outcomes and may help in personalizing treatment schedules. Sustained methadone dose titration, when indicated, may help increase retention, whereas faster dose titration for methadone may help decrease opioid use.