Obstructive sleep apnea and ambulatory blood pressure abnormalities in children with chronic kidney disease

Abstract

Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and hypertension are common complications in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Progression of CKD can aggravate OSA and hypertension whereas worsening sleep apnea can make hypertension difficult to treat in CKD patients. We, therefore, conducted a prospective study to evaluate the association between OSA and hypertension in pediatric patients with CKD. Method In this prospective observational study consecutive children with CKD stage 3–5 (nondialysis dependent) underwent overnight polysomnography and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). The detailed clinical features and investigations were recorded in a prestructured performa. Results Twenty-two children completed overnight polysomnography and 24-h ABPM was performed within 48 h of performing polysomnography. The median (IQR) age of the study population was 11 (8.5–15.5) years, with an age range of 5–18 years. Moderate-severe OSA defined as apnea-hypopnea index (AHI ≥5) was seen in 14 (63.6%) children, periodic limb movement syndrome in 20 (91%) and poor sleep efficacy in 9 (40.9%) children. Ambulatory blood pressure was abnormal in 15 (68.2%) children with CKD. Of them, 4 (18.2%) had ambulatory hypertension, 9 (40.9%) had severe ambulatory hypertension and 2 (9.1%) had masked hypertension. A statistically significant correlation of sleep efficiency with nighttime DBP SD score/Z score (SDS/Z) (r = −0.47; P = 0.02); estimated glomerular filtration rate with SBP loads (r = −0.61; P < 0.012); DBP loads (r = −0.63; P < ) and BMI with SBP load (r = 0.46; P = 0.012) was found. Conclusion Our preliminary findings suggest that ambulatory blood pressure abnormalities, OSA, periodic limb movement syndrome and poor sleep efficiency are highly prevalent in children with CKD stages 3–5.