Complications and Utility of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Post Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: An 11 Year Experience

Abstract

Objectives: Diagnostic gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy is used to differentiate GI graft versus host disease (GI-GvHD), which requires escalation of immunosuppressive treatment (IST), from other conditions such as viral infection, which may require reduction of IST. The aim of this study was to establish the clinical utility of GI endoscopy post hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and the complication rate of these procedures. Methods: This was a single-center observational retrospective cohort study. Hospital pediatric endoscopy and HSCT databases identified patients between January 2010 and December 2020. GI-GvHD was diagnosed if there were positive histological findings and clinical context. Data collected included demographics, timing of endoscopy post-HSCT, clinical utility, and complications of endoscopy. The endoscopy was deemed to be “clinically useful” if it resulted in a change of clinical management or helped to narrow down the differential diagnosis for the clinical team. Results: Three hundred thirty-nine HSCT occurred in 320 children during the study period. Sixty-six of 339 (19%) HSCT needed an “endoscopy episode.” One hundred nineteen endoscopies were performed (53 concurrent upper and lower GI endoscopies, 11 upper GI endoscopies, and 2 lower GI endoscopies). Four of 119 (3%) endoscopies had complications: septic shock (1), duodenal hematoma (1), GI bleeding (1), and colonic perforation (1). Four patients had incomplete records to assess utility of endoscopy. Fifty-seven of 62 (92%) endoscopy episodes were “clinically useful,” and 41 of 62 (66%) had a change in IST. Conclusions: The clinical utility of endoscopy is high and in the majority of cases is associated with a change in patient management. Children post-HSCT are at high risk of complications from endoscopy; this should be made clear in the process of obtaining consent for procedures.