Surgical Timing and Neurocognitive Development among Patients with Craniosynostosis: Analysis of Confounders

Abstract

Background: In 1988, Renier and Marchac asserted that children with craniosynostosis who undergo cranial vault remodeling (CVR) after 12 months of age experience delayed neurocognitive development compared to children who undergo CVR before 12 months of age. The purpose of this study was to identify factors potentially confounding this cause-and-effect relationship. The authors hypothesize that children with socioeconomic disadvantages or comorbid conditions are more likely to undergo CVR after 12 months and may represent a selection bias toward delayed neurocognitive development. Methods: Patients with nonsyndromic single-suture craniosynostosis who underwent CVR between 2009 and 2020 at Michigan Medicine were included (n = 227). Sociodemographic and clinical variables were documented. The sample was dichotomized to compare patients who underwent CVR before (early) and after (late) 12 months of age. Statistical analysis was performed at P < 0.05 significance. Results: The early and late groups contained 157 patients and 70 patients, respectively. Compared to the early group, the late group contained a larger proportion of patients who identified as non-White (P = 0.03), qualified for need-based financial assistance (P = 0.03), were born preterm (P < 0.01), or had a comorbid condition (P < 0.01). Based on preoperative testing, the late group contained a larger proportion of patients with baseline cognitive (P < 0.001) and language (P = 0.008) delays relative to the early group. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that socioeconomic disadvantages and comorbid conditions are prevalent among patients who undergo delayed CVR and may represent a selection bias toward delayed neurocognitive development. Future studies evaluating the relationship between surgical timing and neurocognitive development must control for these factors. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Risk, II.