An evidence-based evaluation of left ventricular thrombus treatment, outcomes, and resolution: a systematic review, pooled analysis and meta-analysis

Abstract

Left ventricular thrombus (LVT) is a recognized complication of acute myocardial infarction which is associated with stroke. There has yet to be a published systematic review that focuses on outcomes for patients with LVT. We conducted a systematic review on treatments, adverse events and thrombus resolution in patients with LVT. Meta-analysis and numerical pooling were used to evaluate the difference in outcomes based on treatment and the presence or absence of LVT. A total of 39 studies were included (5475 patients with LVT and 356 589 patients with no LVT). The use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) was associated with reduced mortality [RR, 0.66; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.45–0.97; I 2 = 9%] and bleeding (RR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.48–0.85; I 2 = 0%) compared to warfarin but there was a nonsignificant reduction in stroke/embolic events (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.76–1.19; I 2 = 3%). For patients with any treatment, the rate of stroke/embolic events, bleeding and mortality at follow-up of up to 12 months was 6.4, 3.7 and 7.9%, respectively. Pooled results from six studies that evaluated resolution at 6 months suggest that 80% of LVT were resolved. Apixaban was associated with the highest rate of (93.3%) whereas warfarin exhibited the lowest rate of resolution 73.1%. LVT is best managed with DOAC compared to warfarin therapy. An individualized approach to antithrombotic therapy is warranted as there appears to be no duration of therapy that clearly results in the resolution of all cases of LVT so follow-up imaging after discontinuation of anticoagulant is needed.