Urbanicity and alcohol use epidemiology in the 21st century

Author:

Castaldelli-Maia João Mauricio1234

Affiliation:

1. Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo

2. Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, Fundação do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil

3. Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

4. Department of Medical Psychology, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay

Abstract

Purpose of review This review aimed to gather recent studies that could identify the specificities in the relationship between urbanization and alcohol use epidemiology in the current century. Recent findings Although we find lower rates of alcohol use among adolescents in urban environments than in rural ones, this difference tends to diminish until it disappears by the time they reach adulthood. In addition to excessive marketing and increased accessibility, several urban environment characteristics have been related to alcohol use. First, problematic alcohol use is linked to stress and mental health problems like depression and anxiety, which are common in metropolitan areas. Second, alcohol use behaviors are influenced by homelessness, loneliness, and deprivation in megacities, where female and male individuals have presented more similar alcohol use behaviors (i.e. gender convergence). Third, treatment levels for alcohol use disorders are very low. Summary There is a new epidemiological wave of alcohol consumption in large urban centers, largely influenced by advertisement and marketing. Social and psychological risk factors and subpopulations of interest were identified for preventive interventions in large urban centers (i.e. advertisement regulation). In addition, increasing the availability of treatment, including specific medications for alcohol use disorder, should be strongly encouraged.

Publisher

Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Subject

Psychiatry and Mental health

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