Relationship between phantom limb pain, function, and psychosocial health in individuals with lower-limb loss

Abstract

Introduction: The adverse influence of chronic pain on function and psychological health in the general population is well understood. However, the relationship between phantom limb pain (PLP) after limb loss with function and psychological health is less clear. The study purpose was to assess the influences of PLP presence and intensity on function and psychosocial health in individuals with lower-limb loss (LLL). Methods: One hundred two individuals with major LLL completed a study-specific questionnaire on the presence and intensity of their PLP. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System —29 questionnaire was also administered. Results: Of 102 participants, 64% reported PLP, with a mean intensity of 4.8 ± 2.3 out of 10. Individuals with vs. without PLP demonstrated significantly greater sleep disturbances (p = 0.03), whereas the differences in function, fatigue, pain interference, depressive symptoms, anxiety, or ability to participate in social roles and activities were not statistically different between groups (p > 0.05). Of note, mean scores for many of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System—29 short forms among the current sample were similar to the mean of the general population, minimizing the potential clinical impact of PLP on these domains. Conclusions: Our findings indicate a lack of meaningful associations between PLP presence or intensity with function, and psychosocial health among individuals with LLL. These findings conflict with previous research suggesting an adverse relationship between PLP, function, and psychosocial health after limb loss.