The effect of short-term cranial electrotherapy stimulation on sleep quality in athletes: A pilot study

Abstract

Background: To verify the effect of a 5-day cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) intervention on sleep quality in professional athletes. Methods: 25 professional athletes with poor sleep quality participated in the study. Athletes belonging to the CES group (12 athletes) received a 5-day CES intervention, and those in the control group did not receive any intervention. Objectively and subjected assessed sleep quality was measured 1 week before and after the intervention using an Actigraphy activity recorder, Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Results: Objectively measured sleep efficiency increased after CES intervention (P = .013), while the difference between the pretest and posttest of the control group was not significant. For total sleep time (TST), the main effects and interaction were not significant. However, the analysis on wake after sleep onset showed wake after sleep onset decreased after CES intervention (P = .015). No significant interaction was found in subjectively assessed sleep quality but only revealed an improvement in both groups. Conclusion: The CES intervention of 30 minutes per day for 5 consecutive days enhanced objective sleep quality in athletes with sleep quality problems. The intervention increased sleep efficiency by lowering awake time after falling asleep.