Effects of internet-based exercise intervention on depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background: While exercise is acknowledged for its positive effects on depression and anxiety symptoms, the benefits of internet-based exercise on mental health have not been extensively examined. This study seeks to systematically review and quantify the outcomes of high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigate the impact of internet-based exercise on depression and anxiety symptoms. Methods: Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of RCTs. Databases, including Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, PsycINFO, Medline, BIOSIS Previews, SPORTDiscus, and Education Source, were scoured through in September 2023. After quality assessment and data extraction, the analysis was performed using R. Using random effects models, effect sizes were determined and subsequently represented as standardized mean differences (SMD). Results: Our analysis incorporated data from 11 RCTs, involving a cohort of 1009 participants. We observed a modest yet significant reduction in depression and anxiety symptoms, with an SMD of −0.44 [95% confidence interval (CI) (−0.63, −0.26), I^2 = 79.3%, P < .01]. Interestingly, the effects were more pronounced in individuals diagnosed with depression, as indicated by an SMD of −0.96 [95% CI (−1.55, −0.37), I^2 = 82%, P < .01]. Furthermore, participants utilizing smartphone applications as part of their intervention reported a meaningful reduction in their symptoms, evidenced by an SMD of −0.52 [95% CI (−0.90, −0.14), I^2 = 87%, P < .01]. Additionally, short-term interventions, specifically those lasting <12 weeks, indicated a notable alleviation in depression symptoms, with an SMD of −0.76 [95% CI (−1.38, −0.14), I^2 = 86%, P < .01]. Conclusion: Internet-based exercise interventions yield significant amelioration in depression and anxiety symptoms, with heightened efficacy observed among individuals with depression. Notably, short-term interventions, specifically those under 12 weeks, demonstrate enhanced benefits for depression relief.