Smoking cessation and risk of metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis

Abstract

Background: Smoking is an important risk factor for various metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, and smoking cessation reduces the risk of these conditions. However, weight gain is commonly observed when individuals quit smoking, which often leads to hesitation in pursuing smoking cessation. Weight gain increases the risk of metabolic syndrome (MS). However, previous studies that investigated the relationship between smoking cessation and MS have yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between smoking cessation and MS. Methods: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and CINAHL databases, were comprehensively searched from inception to April 2023, to identify relevant studies examining the relationship between smoking cessation and MS, comparing such relationship to that with active smoking. The methodological quality of the selected studies was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. A random-effects model was used for meta-analysis. Results: Of 495 identified studies, 24 were reviewed. The risk of selection bias was identified in all the studies. The overall analysis of 14 studies, including data of combined results for both men and women, revealed an increased risk of MS among ex-smokers compared with that among active smokers (pooled relative risk [RR] 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–1.29). From the selected studies, 13 studies analyzing men were extracted for subgroup analysis. Among men, no significant difference in the risk of developing MS was observed between ex-smokers and smokers (pooled RR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.95–1.17). In men, the risk of MS increased if the cessation period was ≤15 years in men (pooled RR 1.26, 95% CI: 1.01–1.56) and slightly decreased if the cessation period was > 15 years (RR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.70–1.00) in ex-smokers compared with that in current smokers. Conclusion: An increased risk of MS was observed in the early stages of smoking cessation compared with current smoking. As the longer duration of smoking cessation, the risk of MS becomes less significant.