Ten-year Review of Acute Pediatric Hematogenous Osteomyelitis at a New Zealand Tertiary Referral Center

Abstract

Background: Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) remains a cause of severe illness among children with the possibility of long-term consequences for growth and development. Recent research has highlighted an unusually high burden of disease in the New Zealand population compared with other Western regions. We have sought to identify trends in presentation, diagnosis, and management of AHO, with added focus on ethnicity and access to health care. Methods: A 10-year retrospective review of all patients <16 years with presumed AHO presenting to a tertiary referral center between 2008 and 2018 was performed. Results: One hundred fifty-one cases met inclusion criteria. The median age was 8 years with a male predominance (69.5%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen using traditional laboratory culture method (84%). The number of cases per year decreased from 2008 to 2018. Assessment using New Zealand deprivation scores showed Māori children were most likely to experience socioeconomic hardship (P≤0.01). Median distance traveled by families to first hospital consult was 26 km (range 1 to 178 km). Delayed presentation was associated with need for prolonged antibiotic therapy. Incidence of disease varied by ethnicity with 1:9000 cases per year for New Zealand European, 1:6500 for Pacific, and 1:4000 for Māori. Overall recurrence rate was 11%. Conclusions: The incidence of AHO in New Zealand is concerningly high within Māori and Pacific populations. Future health interventions should consider environmental, socioeconomic, and microbiological trends in the burden of disease. Level of Evidence: Retrospective study, Level III.