Diaphragmatic Ultrasound in Children With Asthma Exacerbations

Abstract

Objectives Asthma is a leading cause of pediatric emergency department visits, yet few tools exist to objectively measure asthma severity. Diaphragmatic ultrasound (DUS) is a novel method of assessing respiratory distress; however, data are lacking for children. Our primary aim was to determine if diaphragmatic excursion (DE), diaphragmatic thickening (DT), or diaphragmatic thickening fraction (TF) correlated with asthma severity as determined by the Pediatric Respiratory Assessment Measure (PRAM) score. Secondarily, we examined if these parameters correlated with need for respiratory support and evaluated interrater reliability. Methods We conducted a prospective study of children 5–18 years presenting to a pediatric emergency department with an asthma exacerbation. Diaphragmatic ultrasound was performed by a trained pediatric emergency medicine sonologist in subcostal (DE) and midaxillary (DT). Thickening fraction was calculated from DT values as previously described in literature. To evaluate interrater reliability, a subset of subjects had DUS performed by a second sonologist. Results We enrolled 47 subjects for a total of 51 encounters. The mean age was 9.1 ± 3.7 years. Twenty-five (49%) had mild, 24 (47%) had moderate, and 2 (4%) had severe asthma. There was a significant difference in midaxillary DT and TF between children with mild and moderate asthma (P = 0.02; mean difference, 0.2 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.03–0.4 and P = 0.02; mean difference, 0.11 mm; 95% CI, 0.02–0.2, respectively). No difference was found in subcostal DE (P = 0.43; mean difference, 1.4 mm; 95% CI, −2.1 to 4.8). No association was found between use of positive pressure and DUS parameters. Fourteen encounters had 2 sonologists perform DUS, with strong interrater reliability found for midaxillary DT (Pearson correlation, 0.56) and poor association for subcostal DE (Pearson correlation, 0.18). Conclusions In this pilot study, we conclude that DUS may be helpful in assessing severity of asthma. The midaxillary view assessment for DT and TF had the best correlation with asthma severity and the best interrater reliability. Future studies may benefit from focusing on the midaxillary view for DT and TF.