Liver-restricted deletion of the biliary atresia candidate gene Pkd1l1 causes bile duct dysmorphogenesis and ciliopathy

Abstract

Background and Aims: A recent multicenter genetic exploration of the biliary atresia splenic malformation syndrome identified mutations in the ciliary gene PKD1L1 as candidate etiologic contributors. We hypothesized that deletion of Pkd1l1 in developing hepatoblasts would lead to cholangiopathy in mice. Approach and Results: CRISPR-based genome editing inserted loxP sites flanking exon 8 of the murine Pkd1l1 gene. Pkd1l1 Fl/Fl cross-bred with alpha-fetoprotein-Cre expressing mice to generate a liver-specific intrahepatic Pkd1l1-deficient model (LKO). From embryonic day 18 through week 30, control (Fl/Fl) and LKO mice were evaluated with standard serum chemistries and liver histology. At select ages, tissues were analyzed using RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy with a focus on biliary structures, peribiliary inflammation, and fibrosis. Bile duct ligation for 5 days of Fl/Fl and LKO mice was followed by standard serum and liver analytics. Histological analyses from perinatal ages revealed delayed biliary maturation and reduced primary cilia, with progressive cholangiocyte proliferation, peribiliary fibroinflammation, and arterial hypertrophy evident in 7- to 16-week-old LKO versus Fl/Fl livers. Following bile duct ligation, cholangiocyte proliferation, peribiliary fibroinflammation, and necrosis were increased in LKO compared with Fl/Fl livers. Conclusions: Bile duct ligation of the Pkd1l1-deficient mouse model mirrors several aspects of the intrahepatic pathophysiology of biliary atresia in humans including bile duct dysmorphogenesis, peribiliary fibroinflammation, hepatic arteriopathy, and ciliopathy. This first genetically linked model of biliary atresia, the Pkd1l1 LKO mouse, may allow researchers a means to develop a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of this serious and perplexing disorder, including the opportunity to identify rational therapeutic targets.